Real-Time Grid Signal-Based Energy Flexibility of Heating Generation: A Methodology for Optimal Scheduling of Stratified Storage Tanks

Heat pumps coupled with thermal energy storage (TES) systems are seen as a promising technology for load management that can be used to shift peak loads off-peak hours. Most of the existing model predictive control (MPC) studies on tariff-based shifting deploying hot water tanks use simplified tank models. In this study, an MPC framework accounts transient behavior (i.e., mixing and stratification) by applying (EMPC) exergy (XMPC) analysis is proposed. A case study office building equipped air handling unit (AHU) revealed strategy had high load-shifting capacity: over 80% consumption took place during hours when there was electricity surplus in grid. An typical day showed XMPC method able provide more appropriate stratification within TES all characteristics. annual demonstrated that, cold months, degradation mainly caused destruction due irreversibility, while, transition milder loss dominates. Compared EMPC approach, achieves additional reductions 18% consumption, 13% operating costs, almost 17% emissions.